Heat and health

Heat exposure can have direct effects on humans, such as heat stress or dehydration, or indirect effects through exacerbating underlying illnesses. Pre-existing medical conditions and social deprivation, as well as population ageing and urbanization are key factors that make people likely to experience more adverse health outcomes related to heat and extreme temperatures.

Countries in the WHO European Region are experiencing accelerated rates of temperature increase and an unprecedented frequency and intensity of heat-waves. During the past 20 years, heat-related mortality in the Region has increased by more than 30%. Projections indicate that the number of days with high heat stress levels, as well as the frequency, intensity and duration of heat-waves will increase further, seriously impacting public health in the Region. The combined effects of climate change, urbanization and population ageing could substantially worsen heat-related impacts in the future.

Preventing adverse heat-related health outcomes requires a portfolio of actions at different levels. These actions can be integrated into a systematic public health response, known as a heat–health action plan. Furthermore, a range of risk communication, awareness and advocacy strategies can help inform communities and decision-makers about how to reduce heat risks during hot weather and adapt society to a hotter future.